The exclusive advantage on average of financing in more flexible infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries will profit $4.2 trillion with $4 in benefit for each $1 invested, according to a new statement from the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR).
The statement titled: “Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity,” set out a structure for learning infrastructure resilience, which is the ability of infrastructure systems to operate and reach users’ needs during and after a natural hazard. It measured four essential infrastructure systems: power, water and sanitation, transport, and telecommunications.
Addressing them more resilient is critical, the report stated, not only to avoid costly repairs but also to minimise the wide-ranging consequences of natural disasters for the livelihoods and well-being of people.
Outages or disruptions to power, water, communication and transport affect the productivity of firms, the incomes and jobs they provide, as well as directly impacting people’s quality of life, making it impossible for children to go to school or study, and contributing to the spread of water-borne diseases like cholera, it added.
“Resilient infrastructure is not about roads or bridges or power plants alone. It is about the people, the households and the communities for whom this quality infrastructure is a lifeline to better health, better education and better livelihoods,” said World Bank Group President, David Malpass.
“Investing in resilient infrastructure is about unlocking economic opportunities for people. This report offers a pathway for countries to follow for a safer, more secure, inclusive and prosperous future for all,” he added.
The report also found out that lack of resilient infrastructure harms people and firms more than previously understood. Natural disasters, for instance, cause direct damages to power generation and transport infrastructure, costing about $18 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries. But the wider disruptions that they trigger on households and firms is an even bigger problem.
Altogether, disruptions caused by natural hazards, as well as poor maintenance and mismanagement of infrastructure, costs households and firms at least $390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries.
“For infrastructure investors – whether governments, development banks or the private sector – it is clear that investing in resilient infrastructure is both sound and profitable,” the Senior Director, Climate Change, at the World Bank, John Roome said.
“It is not about spending more, but about spending better.’
‘It is cheaper and easier to build resilience if we look beyond individual assets, like bridges or electric poles, and understand the vulnerabilities of systems and users,” lead author of the report, Stephane Hallegatte said.
“By doing so, entire systems can be better designed and with greater flexibility so that damages are localised and do not spread through entire networks, crippling economies at large,” he added.
Drawing from a wide range of case studies, global empirical analyses, and modelling exercises, the report also finds a major region and country-specific implications of investing in resilient infrastructure.
For instance, today Africa and South Asia bear the highest losses from unreliable infrastructure:
For instance, in Kampala, Uganda, even just moderate floods block enough streets to make it impossible for over a third of Kampalans to reach a hospital during the critical window of time following a medical emergency.
Also, in Tanzanian firms are incurring losses of $668 million a year (or 1.8 per cent of GDP) from power and water outages and transport disruptions, regardless of their origin. Almost half of transport disruptions in the country are also due to floods, and flood-related transport disruptions cost more than $100 million per year.
“Reliable access to electricity has more favourable effects on income and social outcomes than access alone in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan: boosting per capita income, study time for girls and women’s participation in the labour force.
“In India, access to electricity increases women’s employment by 12 per cent. But access is usually unreliable. Where access is reliable – that is, available 24/7 – the increase reaches 31 per cent.
“East Asia is a hotspot of infrastructure asset vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change: there are four East Asia countries among the top five countries globally in terms of risk to transport assets and three out of five for the risk to power generation.
“In China, 64 million people are dependent on wastewater treatment plants that are exposed to earthquake and soil liquefaction risks, and almost 200 million people are dependent on treatment plants that will be exposed to increasing flood risks due to climate change.
“In Peru, landslides often interrupt road traffic, causing large losses for users. Increasing the redundancy of the road network can be more efficient than trying to make roads resistant to landslides. This is especially the case around Carretera Central, a strategic export route for agricultural products,” it added.
Furthermore, the report offered five recommendations to ensure that infrastructure systems and users become more resilient. These include getting the basics right.
It noted that tackling poor management and governance of infrastructure systems was key.
For instance, a poorly-maintained infrastructure asset cannot be resilient, it added.
It also called for building institutions for resilience, stating that wider political economy challenges also need to be addressed, and critical infrastructure assets and systems need to be identified so that resources can be directed toward them.
“There is a need to include resilience in regulations and incentives. Financial incentives can be used to ensure that the full social cost of infrastructure disruptions are accounted for, encouraging service providers to go beyond just meeting mandatory standards.
“Improve decision making. Access to better data, tools, and skills could be a game-changer in building resilience: for instance, digital elevation models for urban areas are not expensive and are critical to inform hundreds of billions of dollars in investments per year.
“Provide financing. The right kind of financing at the right time is key. For instance, small amounts of resources can support regulators and be used at the early stages of infrastructure design compared to the billions needed to repair and recover in the aftermath of a disaster,” it added.
