African countries are facing an onslaught of crises and must adapt quickly. COVID-19, climate disruption, conflicts, and Russia’s war in Ukraine are causing severe food, fuel, debt, and liquidity setbacks that show no signs of abating.
According to the World Bank’s June 2022 Global Economic Prospects (GEP) report, the global economy will experience years of slow growth and rising prices, potentially destabilizing low- and middle-income economies.
With these multiple crises escalating, Kristalina Georgieva of the IMF warned at the recent G20 meeting that the global economic outlook “has darkened significantly.” A prolonged period of global stagflation is likely, and African countries are vulnerable.
In order to avoid catastrophe, we’ve identified four steps on how to reform the global financial architecture to better serve Africa:
Step 1: Ensure a fair distribution of Special Drawing Rights
African countries urgently need new liquidity, which the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) can provide with speed. The SDR is not a currency. It is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members, which can provide a country with liquidity. This liquidity is essential to help African governments build and maintain basic social protection programmes in the face of drastically rising food and fuel costs.
However, of the initial allocation of $650 billion in SDRs in August last year, only $33 billion – just 5% – was allocated to Africa. Over a year ago, when the crisis was less severe, global leaders acknowledged the need to channel more SDRs to African governments. The need for a just and efficient process for SDR allocation is now more urgent than ever.
African leaders have called on the IMF to first accelerate the implementation of SDR reallocation mechanisms aligned with the needs of African economies. They’ve also called for the development of more appropriate allocation criteria. This would mean issuance of new rights as well as reallocation. Some of these additional special drawing rights should be channelled through regional development banks, such as the African Development Bank.
Step 2: Mend the broken debt management machinery
At the end of May 2022, 23 African countries were at high risk of – or already in – debt distress. The situation is worsening with rising interest rates and Russia’s war in Ukraine. Debt relief must be quick, comprehensive, and sizeable.
To facilitate debt workouts, the G20 has called for creditors to come together within a Common Framework. Progress has been painfully slow but the past week saw the exciting news of Zambia finally benefiting from this framework, clearing the way for a Fund programme in the country. African leaders are calling for improved multilateral debt restructuring frameworks to reposition debt as a catalyst for economic recovery and sustainable growth. Viable solutions are needed to ensure access to finance at competitive and non-punitive rates.
Step 3: Scale up Africa’s climate finance to drive global solutions
Although Africa has contributed to only 3.8% of global emissions, it has borne the brunt of climate change. Annually, Africa loses $7–$15 billion due to climate change, and this figure is expected to rise to $50 billion by 2040. The inadequacy of climate finance, the cost of undelivered climate finance, and the neglected carbon market now demand urgent attention in Africa.
At the same time, opportunities for Africa to lead a green transformation are plentiful. For example, market mechanisms that reward Africa for its carbon sequestration can be developed, making financing available for the continent’s green transformation. Ibrahim Mayaki, the TLP panel member and former CEO of AUDA-NEPAD underlined the importance of scaling up climate action in Africa through carbon mitigation, job creation and agricultural transformation while at the same time, “offering the planet some much-needed climate solutions.”
Step 4: Rebuild trust and creating a new global partnership for Africa
This is a critical year. Africa’s voice and collective positions must be loud and clear on key global decision-making platforms. Ahead of the IMF/World Bank Annual meetings in October and the COP27 in November, a coalition to build consensus, galvanize action, and rally support for Africa’s unified positions should be encouraged. Not only will such action ultimately drive reforms in the global financial architecture to serve Africa better, but it will also provide an opportunity to restore and rebuild the trust in international dialogue and action.
As the global financial architecture faces up to inclusive, effective, and fair reforms, African countries must be given greater representation and a stronger voice within the governance bodies of key global institutions, including the Bretton Wood Institutions. Africa can then be a continent that actively contributes to the design of global solutions rather than suffering from their absence.
