106 years after Nigeria is faced with another pandemic – Coronavirus
Á ò rí’rú eléyì rí, a fií dé rù b’omo ni; unprecedented is just a word, there’s really nothing new under the sun!
In this season of Coronavirus pandemic, let us look back at some devastating epidemics that have affected us in the past.
The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. Although there is no universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, it spread worldwide between 1918-1919.
It is estimated that about 500 million people or one-third of the world’s population became infected with this virus. The number of deaths was estimated to be at least 50 million worldwide according to the CDC.
About 500,000 Nigerians, out of a population of 18million, died in less than 6 months, and between 50 and 80% of the population was stricken. The over-crowded urban centers (Yorubaland) were the hardest hit and, even though the pandemic declined almost as suddenly as it began, morbidity, mortality, and panic adversely affected the productive capacity of the country.
The Influenza officially hit Lagos on 14 September 1918 (Public Record Office, London) The 1st case in Lagos was confirmed on 14 Sept. Three crewmen of the SS Panayiotis were discovered by Dr. Gray, a colonial medical officer, to be seriously ill and lying on the Iddo wharf.
These three crewmen were removed to the infectious disease hospital in Ikoyi after they were diagnosed with the disease. The ship was ‘arrested’ and disinfected by the sanitary authority & subsequently sent to the pool; a sort of quarantine area for disinfected ships.
The rate of the spread and infection in Lagos was rapid and devastating. The spread in Lagos was fast and devastating such that in the first two months the causality figure was enormous – Lagos lost 1.5% of its 81,941 population.
By mid-September, all the merchant ships anchored in Lagos were infected. In fact, one of these ships was credited to have caused widespread influenza in Lagos.
More precisely, SS Bida was said to have been “the chief means introducing influenza to Nigeria” (Public Record Office, London, 1919).
The complacency of the sanitary officer in charge of the seaport of Lagos was later confirmed by the Ag Governor in a memo to the British Secretary of State. More cases of infected passengers on the SS Bida were recorded than for any other ship anchored at Lagos at that time.
The following examples were some of those reported and linked to the ship:
*A first-class customs clerk went to see a medical officer on 18th Sept; became very ill on the 22nd, was sent to the Infectious Diseases Hospital IDH (the same hospital were the persons infected with coronavirus about 102 years later) on 23rd as a case of influenza; died the same day.
It was found that a woman was ill in the man’s house on the 15th and that she was a passenger from Secondee by the S.S. “Bida” she left by train on the house on the 23rd and was removed to the IDH.
A krooman, from the S.S “Bida”, was found in the street on the 23rd; he was partly unconscious, and his address in Lagos could not be obtained.
On the 24th, a Customs Clark, living in the same compound as another Government clerk and a girl, who are both natives of the Gold Coast. It was declared, though later denied, that they had been in contact with a passenger from the S.S “Bida”.
The cook of a government official, on the 25th; he lived in a compound in which passengers from S.S. “Bida” were said to have visited. Also, a Customs Clark, who worked in the same office as the case of 18th September, his sister, and son on the 26th. There were many more such cases.
The colonial government struggled to control the infection. From 14 September when the infection was first confirmed in the city, cases of infection were reported every day from ships coming in from neighboring colonies.
The rate of its spread and the rapidity at which it claimed its victims was unimaginable. The victims cut across the social stratum as members of all classes were infected by influenza.
Within the first hours of the outbreak, the medical facilities of the colonial hospital and the infectious disease hospital were overstretched. Victims were lying on the street, while rescuers also became victims.
In the first 2 months of the outbreak enormity of the casualties was overwhelming. 2,806 natives and 116 European and non-natives were infected. 243 natives eventually died, as well as 7 none natives in cases referred from Lagos port alone. Lagos lost 1.5% of its pop of 81,941.
The figure was given by the colonial government nevertheless is grossly inaccurate as it did not include those who died in their homes and whose deaths were not reported to the sanitary officer. It also does not include minors whose deaths were not reported to the authorities.
The influenza was declared as an infectious disease through public notice. This legal recognition of the epidemic provided the colonial state with the mandate to intrude forcefully and sometimes aggressively into the private houses of people; this was unprecedented in Lagos.
These visits were objected to by some Lagosians; they believed that it would undermine their privacy. It caused massive social & economic dislocation as the people began to run out of Lagos, further spreading it, while those who could not leave concealed their sickness.
To reverse the attitude of the people, the government offered to organize the whole of the house-to-house visits by natives, working in conjunction and under the direction of the sanitary authority.
Still, people from Lagos, out of fear, reportedly fled the infested town to other parts of the country. Since the train was the major means of transportation back then, it was a little shocking that in no time the virus spread to Abeokuta, Oyo, Owerri, Onitsha, Nupe, Kantagora, Muri, Nasarawa, Warri, Ogoja, Calabar, Ibadan, Illorin, Bida, Jebba, Zaria, Kano, Bauchi, Bornu and Yola.
On 7 October, a general meeting was convened in Lagos where Dr Foy, Senior Sanitary Officer, Dr Beringer, and Dr Obassa, a native medical practitioner, addressed the people on the need to allow the house-to-house visits.
The support of Mr Kitoyi Ajasa was solicited by the government to use his newspaper to publicize the scheme; this is evident from studying The Nigerian Pioneer from 1918–1919.
Ships and houses were sprayed with sulfur fumigation and with a solution of the cyllin disinfectant. The process was discontinued at one point by the medical and sanitary department chiefly because of a shortage of the disinfectant and shortage of labor.
This scenario was reduced to a common joke among the people: Owo re, ikure, oyinbo pe e ko wa gba (here is money, here is death, the white man is calling you to come and take).
By mid-1919 the pandemic came to an end, as those who had been infected either died or developed immunity against the virus. There were no vaccines for the disease or scientifically accepted treatment plan, Medicine as you now know, was still in its primitive stages but the colonial government and health authorities adopted the practice of self-isolation and restriction of movement as a way of curbing the spread.
Since 1918, the world has experienced three additional pandemics, in 1957, 1968, 2009 and most recently in 2019/2020. These subsequent pandemics were less severe and caused considerably lower mortality rates than the 1918 pandemic.
The 1957 H2N2 pandemic and the 1968 H3N2 pandemic each resulted in an estimated 1 million global deaths, while the 2009 H1N1 pandemic resulted in fewer than 0.3 million deaths in its first year. Still doubtful of the total deaths that COVID-19 will eventually cause globally.
This perhaps begs the question of whether a high severity pandemic on the scale of 1918 could occur in modern times except for coronavirus?
IMPORTANT POINT TO NOTE: During the 1918 pandemic, churches, mosques, markets were closed down by the colonial masters to stop the spread of influenza similar to what the government has done in this century. There was a total lockdown.
This article appeared first on NIMED Nigeria
